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INVENTING THE MOTORCYCLE: [1868-1919]
The 19th century spans an impressive period of invention, one notable
for its preoccupation with time, space, and speed. The first railroad locomotive,
the use of electric light, the creation of cinema: the influence of these technological
advancements was profound, responsible for fundamental alterations in the manner
in which we perceive our environment, even live our lives, today. The railroad isolated
us further from a spatial relationship to the landscape; electricity released us
from the quotidian routines dictated by natural light; cinema, with its illusion
of occurring in "real" time, changed traditional notions of temporality
and mortality.
These particular inventions share more than a continuing resonance. They also demonstrate
the restlessness of human nature since the industrial age--the desire for more speed,
more time to work, more entertainment, the demand for "different and better"
as quickly as possible. It is this love affair with dynamism that inspired the invention
of the motorcycle.
Certain early experimental motorcycles are fascinating in terms of the transparency
of their inventors' intentions: namely, how can we move faster? The Michaux-Perreaux,
created in France in 1868, took a small commercial steam engine and attached it to
the bicycle, which had existed since 1840. Use of steam-powered two-wheelers continued
until late in the century, as evidenced by the Geneva. In other early motorcycles,
like the De Dion-Bouton, the Orient, and the Thomas, the designers began experimenting
with petrol power while maintaining basic bicycle design. Gottlieb Daimler, the German
engineer who earned the nickname "Father of the Motorcycle," was actually
using his 1885 wooden "boneshaker" (a term often used to describe early
cycles, with their wooden frames and wheels) to test a gasoline engine intended for
a four-wheeled carriage. Felix Millet's unusual "motocyclette," built in
1893, featured a radial five-cylinder engine inspired by aeronautical design that
reappears later in the striking 1922 Megola.
TIME, SPACE, AND SPEED: 1894-1919
The Hildebrand & Wolfmueller became the first powered two-wheeled vehicle to
be offered to the public on a series production basis. The Hildebrand was crucial
in its move away from the foot pedal as the main source of engine power. The motorcycle
was no longer a hybrid, but a machine with its own essential qualities.
Great diversity and competition characterized the pioneer years of motorcycling in
the United States, and such companies as Indian, Harley-Davidson, and Henderson thrived.
The spirit of exploration of those early years encouraged breakthroughs in engineering
and feats of invention. One early manufacturer of motorcycles, the Pierce Cycle Company,
was founded by the son of a famous car manufacturer. Glenn Curtiss, who became better-known
as an airplane engineer, used a dirigible engine to power his record-breaking V-8.
Even the more traditional arts of architecture, sculpture, and painting turned to
dynamism and technology as compelling subject matter at the dawn of the new century.
Almost concomitant with Gottlieb Daimler's first test run of his Daimler Einspur
was Gustave Eiffel's fantastic achievement, the Eiffel Tower, a radical, absolute
equation of architecture and technology. Later, in Paris, one of the most celebrated
examples of artistic experiments with space and time was the Analytic Cubism explored
by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. Another group, the Italian Futurists, was intensely
interested in speed, technology, and the fragmentation that went hand-in-hand with
progress. Like the Cubists, the Futurists believed in demonstrating how the nature
of vision produces the illusion of a fusing of forms.
Meanwhile, the motorcycling world's method of immortalizing its continuing obsession
with speed was through racing events and record keeping. The Isle of Man TT, the
world's oldest continuously run race, was founded in 1907, though other annual events,
like the Speed Carnival in Ormond, Florida, had been held years before. Some of the
most dangerous racing was done on board tracks, where the wooden surface allowed
for exhilarating speeds. By the 1920s, speeds averaged over 100 mph, and many accidents
occurred, including spectator injuries caused by splinters flying up from the track
as bikes raced past. As the first phase of motorcycle development came to a close
with the beginning of World War I, motorcycle manufacturers sought to put their machines
to uses beyond the achievement of ever-higher velocities. Companies such as Indian
supplied the U.S. Army with motorcycles, sidecars, and delivery cars in bulk, and
military concerns were reflected in their marketing strategies. The priority in the
postwar years shifted to increasing the public's accessibility to machines that had
been, until then, largely available only to specialists. Harley-Davidson was extremely
successful in targeting their 1919 Sport model to a mass market.
As a result of the Sport's smooth ride and easy handling, a new age and new audience
was primed to embrace the motorcycle.
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